Проблеми енергоефективності в будівлях: аналіз світового досвіду
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.32347/2409-2606.2023.44.30-38Ключові слова:
енергоефективність, огороджувальні конструкції, опалення, вентиляція, кондиціонування повітря, енергопотребаАнотація
На даний час обсяг світового енергоспоживання безперервно і стрімко зростає внаслідок процесу індустріалізації, зростання чисельності населення, підвищення енергетичних витрат на видобуток природних ресурсів тощо. Як наслідок, наявні запаси нафти та газу в усьому світі швидко виснажуються. Прогнозовані запаси нафти і газу у світі невеликі, і зростання їх прямого спалювання в майбутньому буде обмеженим через забруднення довкілля викидами газів і золи при їхньому спалюванні. Тому важливість вирішення проблеми енергоефективності має першочергове значення для сучасної цивілізації. У роботі проведено аналіз світового досвіду енергоефективного будівництва. Висвітлено основні напрямки енергоефективного розвитку. Показано, що класична методика розрахунку тепловтрат неправильно враховує дію вітру. Потрібна більш правильна методика виконання цього розрахунку. При цьому варто застосовувати лінгвістичні змінні та нечітку логіку, яка адекватно описує стани, які описуються вербальними висловлюваннями, а не числовими значеннями. На завершення виділено найбільш актуальні для нашої Республіки завдання: оптимальне розміщення забудови на генеральному плані міста, зокрема, дотримання відстані між будівлями за будівельними й містобудівними нормами; правильна теплоізоляція огороджувальних конструкцій за орієнтацією фасадів і залежно від кліматичних параметрів зовнішнього повітря; герметичність будівлі, що запобігає ін- та ексфільтрації; максимально можлива автоматизація інженерних систем до інтеграції від рівня розумного будинку до рівня розумного міста; модернізація та оптимізація роботи інженерних систем; максимальне використання відновлюваних і вторинних (наприклад, витяжного повітря) джерел енергії; відмова від класичного розрахункового методу оцінювання тепловтрат, що враховує вплив швидкості вітру, та розроблення нового методу.
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